They Say I Say Templates

Navigating the complex landscape of academic discourse, professional communication, and even casual argumentation can often feel like stepping into a conversation already in full swing. Writers frequently grapple with how to effectively join this ongoing dialogue, present their own ideas, and critically engage with the perspectives of others without merely summarizing or pontificating in isolation. This challenge is precisely what authors Gerald Graff and Cathy Birkenstein sought to address with their groundbreaking work, “They Say / I Say: The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing.” At the heart of their pedagogical approach are the They Say I Say Templates, a set of versatile phrases designed to demystify the art of argument and make sophisticated writing accessible to everyone.

These templates provide a powerful scaffolding, helping writers to structure their arguments by explicitly referencing and responding to existing ideas. Instead of leaving readers to guess how a writer’s viewpoint connects to broader conversations, these structured phrases create clear signposts, guiding the audience through the logical flow of an argument. They serve as a practical toolkit, enabling writers to articulate complex relationships between different perspectives, pinpoint areas of agreement or disagreement, and ultimately, carve out their own space in the intellectual arena.

By offering concrete ways to introduce summaries, integrate quotations, make concessions, raise objections, and clarify the significance of one’s claims, these templates do more than just improve sentence structure. They cultivate a deeper understanding of argumentation itself, encouraging writers to think critically about the rhetorical moves that underpin effective communication. The brilliance of the “They Say I Say” methodology lies in its simplicity and its profound impact on transforming passive consumption of information into active, engaged participation.

This article will delve into the various facets of these indispensable templates, exploring their purpose, demonstrating their application, and guiding you on how to integrate them seamlessly into your own writing. From foundational moves to advanced strategies, we will unpack how mastering They Say I Say Templates can elevate your writing from merely stating ideas to actively participating in meaningful intellectual conversations.

What Are They Say I Say Templates and Why Are They Essential?

At its core, the “They Say / I Say” framework, developed by Gerald Graff and Cathy Birkenstein, is a method for teaching academic writing by emphasizing that effective arguments do not exist in a vacuum. Instead, they arise from and contribute to ongoing conversations. The “They Say” component refers to the process of summarizing or quoting what others have said about a topic, while the “I Say” part represents the writer’s own response—their argument, analysis, or critique. The They Say I Say Templates are the specific linguistic structures and phrases that facilitate these essential moves, making the process explicit and manageable.

The reason these templates are so essential stems from a common pitfall in writing: writers often present their own ideas in isolation, assuming their readers automatically understand the context or relevance. This leaves readers wondering, “So what are you responding to?” or “Why should I care?” The templates address this directly by forcing writers to contextualize their arguments. They serve as a bridge between existing ideas and the writer’s original contribution, ensuring clarity, coherence, and engagement.

The Problem of “Presenting and Summarizing”

Without a clear “They Say,” many writers fall into the trap of simply “presenting and summarizing.” They might explain a concept or summarize an article but fail to explicitly state their position in relation to that information. They Say I Say Templates counteract this by prompting writers to always frame their arguments as responses. This approach fosters a more dynamic and interactive writing style, transforming static information delivery into a lively intellectual exchange. They are not merely grammatical aids; they are rhetorical tools that encourage critical thinking and active participation in academic and public discourse.

Mastering the “They Say” – Templates for Summarizing and Quoting

The “They Say” portion of the “They Say / I Say” framework is crucial because it establishes the context for your own argument. Before you can effectively articulate what you “I Say,” you must accurately and fairly represent what “They Say.” This involves summarizing existing arguments and skillfully integrating direct quotations. The They Say I Say Templates provide the scaffolding needed to perform these tasks with precision and clarity, ensuring your readers understand the conversation you are entering.

Templates for Introducing Summaries

When you summarize, your goal is to distill another author’s main argument or key points fairly and accurately, providing just enough information for your reader to understand the context of your response. These templates help you smoothly transition into a summary:

“In their groundbreaking work, X argues that [summary of X’s main argument].”
“According to X, a central point is that [summary of X’s argument].”
“X’s primary claim in [title of work] is that [summary of X’s main argument].”
“A common assumption among [group] is that [summary of common assumption].”
“Many scholars researching [topic] have concluded that [summary of their conclusions].”

For example: “In her seminal article ‘The Digital Divide Revisited,’ Dr. Lena Khan argues that while internet access has become more widespread, significant disparities in digital literacy and quality of access persist, exacerbating existing social inequalities.”

Templates for Introducing Quotations

Integrating direct quotations effectively requires more than just dropping them into your text. You need to introduce them properly and then explain their relevance. These templates ensure your quotations are smoothly woven into your argument:

“As X himself puts it, ‘[quotation].'”
“X observes that ‘[quotation].'”
“In the words of X, ‘[quotation].'”
“X contends that ‘[quotation],’ a point that highlights [your observation].”
“Referring to [specific point], X writes, ‘[quotation].'”

For example: “As the renowned sociologist Pierre Bourdieu puts it, ‘cultural capital, rather than economic capital, often dictates social mobility,’ highlighting the subtle but pervasive influence of non-monetary assets.”

Templates for Explaining Quotations

Merely presenting a quotation is insufficient; you must explain its significance and connect it to your argument. This is often where writers falter, assuming the quotation’s meaning is self-evident. These templates help you unpack the quotation’s implications:

“In other words, X believes that [explanation of the quotation in your own words].”
“X’s point is that [explanation of the quotation’s main idea].”
“The essence of this statement is that [explanation of the core meaning].”
“This quotation underscores the idea that [explanation of what the quotation emphasizes].”
“Here, X is suggesting that [explanation of the author’s underlying message].”

For example: “Here, Bourdieu is suggesting that merely having wealth is not enough; one must also possess the knowledge, skills, and tastes valued by dominant society to truly advance, thus perpetuating class structures in subtle ways.”

By utilizing these “They Say” templates, writers can establish a strong, clear foundation for their own arguments, showing respect for existing scholarship while preparing the ground for their unique contribution.

Mastering the “I Say” – Templates for Presenting Your Argument

Once you have effectively summarized and integrated the “They Say,” the crucial next step is to articulate your own “I Say.” This is where you enter the conversation, presenting your unique argument, analysis, or critique in response to the ideas you’ve just introduced. The They Say I Say Templates are equally powerful in helping you formulate your own claims, whether you are agreeing, disagreeing, or doing a nuanced combination of both.

Templates for Agreeing

Sometimes your “I Say” involves affirming or supporting the “They Say.” These templates help you express agreement while still adding your own contribution or nuance:

“I agree that [X’s point] is correct because [your reason].”
“X’s point that [X’s point] is crucial because [your elaboration].”
“Building on X’s observation that [X’s observation], I would add that [your further point].”
“I concur with X that [X’s argument] and would further contend that [your additional perspective].”
“What X makes clear is that [X’s point], a view that I fully endorse and extend to [your extension].”

For example: “I agree that Khan’s analysis of digital literacy gaps is correct because access alone does not equate to effective participation in an increasingly complex online world, especially for marginalized communities.”

Templates for Disagreeing

Disagreement is a fundamental part of academic discourse and often leads to new insights. These templates allow you to challenge or refute an argument respectfully and clearly:

“While X argues that [X’s argument], I contend that [your counter-argument].”
“Contrary to X, I believe that [your contrasting view].”
“My view is that X is mistaken because [your reason for disagreement].”
“X’s argument hinges on the assumption that [X’s assumption], which I find problematic because [your critique].”
“I disagree with X’s assertion that [X’s assertion] because [your reasoning].”

For example: “While Khan argues that government subsidies are the primary solution, I contend that addressing systemic educational inequalities is a more fundamental and long-term approach to bridging the digital divide effectively.”

Templates for Agreeing and Disagreeing Simultaneously (Nuance)

Often, your position is more complex than simple agreement or disagreement. You might agree with one aspect of an argument but disagree with another, or acknowledge its strengths while pointing out its limitations. These templates help you express such nuanced positions:

“While I agree with X up to a point, I cannot accept their overall conclusion that [X’s conclusion] because [your reason].”
“X is right that [X’s correct point], but they overlook [what X overlooks].”
“Though X makes a compelling case for [X’s argument], Y’s argument about [Y’s argument] offers a more complete picture.”
“My position is a hybrid of X’s and Y’s views. On the one hand, I agree with X that [point of agreement]; on the other hand, I also believe with Y that [point of agreement].”
“While I concede that [point of concession], I still maintain that [your main point].”

For example: “While I agree with Khan up to a point regarding the importance of infrastructure, I cannot accept her overall conclusion that technological solutions alone will suffice, as they often fail to address the socio-economic barriers that prevent effective engagement.”

By consciously employing these “I Say” They Say I Say Templates, you can articulate your own position with clarity and confidence, ensuring your readers understand not only what you think, but also how your thoughts fit into the larger intellectual conversation.

Advanced Uses of They Say I Say Templates for Deeper Engagement

Beyond simply agreeing or disagreeing, advanced academic writing requires more sophisticated moves to fully engage with complex arguments and guide your reader through the implications of your ideas. They Say I Say Templates can be adapted and expanded to help you anticipate objections, explain the broader significance of your claims, and even introduce ongoing debates.

Introducing Gaps, Questions, or What’s Missing

Sometimes your contribution isn’t a direct agreement or disagreement but rather an identification of something overlooked or a question that remains unanswered. These templates help you highlight those gaps:

“What X fails to see is that [your insight].”
“While X’s research is valuable, it doesn’t adequately address the question of [the unanswered question].”
“A limitation of X’s argument is that it does not account for [what X omits].”
“While X focuses on [specific aspect], it is equally important to consider [another aspect].”
“X’s argument raises the question of whether [new question].”

For example: “While Dr. Khan’s research is valuable, it doesn’t adequately address the question of how cultural biases embedded in technology design itself perpetuate inequalities, even with universal access.”

Entertaining Objections and Counterarguments

Strong arguments often acknowledge and respond to potential objections, showing that the writer has considered alternative viewpoints. This strengthens your credibility and anticipates reader skepticism. These templates allow you to introduce counterarguments before refuting them:

“Of course, many will object that [common objection].”
“It might be argued that [potential counterargument].”
“Yet some readers may challenge my view by arguing that [specific challenge].”
“But isn’t it true that [rhetorical question expressing an objection]?”
“My argument is not without its critics, who might point out that [criticism].”

For example: “Of course, many will object that providing more devices and broadband is a straightforward solution to digital inclusion. However, this perspective often overlooks the deeper systemic issues.”

Explaining “So What?” and “Who Cares?”

One of the most critical rhetorical moves is to explain the significance of your argument. Why does your “I Say” matter? What are its implications? Who should care about it? These templates help you articulate the broader relevance of your claims:

“This matters because [explanation of significance].”
“Ultimately, what is at stake here is [the broader implication].”
“These findings have important implications for [area of impact] because [reason].”
“My discussion of X is relevant to the larger debate about [larger topic] that [another author] has addressed.”
“If we are to accept X’s claim, then we must reconsider our understanding of [concept].”

For example: “Ultimately, what is at stake here is not just equitable access to technology, but the fundamental right to full participation in a digitally driven society, impacting everything from education and employment to civic engagement and healthcare.”

By incorporating these advanced They Say I Say Templates, writers can move beyond basic argumentative structures to create more sophisticated, nuanced, and impactful discussions that anticipate reader needs and clearly articulate the broader significance of their contributions.

Integrating They Say I Say Templates into Your Writing Process

The power of They Say I Say Templates extends far beyond simply filling in blanks. They are designed to transform your writing process, making it more fluid, analytical, and purposeful. Integrating them effectively requires practice and a shift in mindset, viewing them not as rigid formulas but as versatile tools for intellectual engagement.

Practice and Habituation

Initially, you might find yourself consciously selecting and inserting templates. This is a crucial first step. With consistent practice, these rhetorical moves will become second nature. Try applying them in various writing contexts: short responses, analytical essays, research papers, and even informal discussions. The more you use them, the more ingrained they become in your thought process, making your arguments instinctively more responsive and contextualized.

Not Just for Essays, But for Thinking

The “They Say / I Say” framework is not merely a writing trick; it’s a way of thinking. Before you even begin to draft, ask yourself: “What ‘They Say’ am I responding to?” and “What do ‘I Say’ in response?” This mental exercise helps you clarify your position, identify your sources, and anticipate counterarguments. It encourages critical engagement with information, transforming passive reading into an active search for conversation partners and opportunities to contribute.

Customizing and Adapting Templates

While the templates provide a strong foundation, they are meant to be adaptable. You don’t have to use them verbatim every time. Think of them as springboards. For example, instead of always saying “X argues that…”, you might vary it with “X posits that…”, “X illustrates…”, or “X highlights…”. The key is to internalize the rhetorical function of each template and then express it in your own voice and style. Over time, you’ll develop your own repertoire of phrases that achieve the same communicative goal while maintaining your unique writing identity.

Avoiding Formulaic Writing: Templates as a Starting Point

A common concern is that using templates can lead to formulaic, unoriginal writing. This risk exists if templates are used as an end in themselves rather than a means to an end. The goal is not to sound like a machine, but to use the templates as scaffolding that supports your original ideas. Once you’ve used a template to structure a thought, go back and revise. Can you rephrase it? Can you add more specific details? Can you inject more of your own voice? The templates are there to help you get started and ensure clarity, but your unique insights and stylistic flair should always shine through. They are a training wheel for rhetorical moves, to be gradually internalized and transcended.

Revising for Flow and Voice

After drafting with templates, dedicate time to revision. Check for smooth transitions between “They Say” and “I Say” segments. Ensure that your voice is consistent and confident. Sometimes, you might find that the explicit template can be subtly implied or shortened once the underlying structure is firm. The ultimate aim is to produce writing that is not only clear and well-structured but also persuasive, engaging, and reflective of your distinct intellectual contribution.

By embracing these strategies, writers can fully leverage the power of They Say I Say Templates to not only improve the structure and clarity of their arguments but also to foster a more profound and critically engaged approach to writing and thinking.

Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them with They Say I Say Templates

While They Say I Say Templates are incredibly effective tools for improving academic writing, simply using them isn’t enough. There are common pitfalls that writers can fall into, which, if not addressed, can undermine the quality of their arguments. Understanding these potential missteps and knowing how the templates help avoid them is key to truly mastering this framework.

Misrepresenting “They Say”

One of the most significant pitfalls is inaccurately or unfairly summarizing the “They Say.” This can happen unintentionally due to misreading, or deliberately, by setting up a “straw man” argument that is easy to knock down.

How Templates Help: The “They Say” templates for summarizing force you to explicitly identify the source and their main argument. By consciously trying to fill in “X argues that [summary of X’s main argument],” you are prompted to engage directly with the original text, ensuring a more faithful representation. Always ask yourself: “Would X agree with this summary of their point?”

Lack of “I Say”

Another common issue is when writers provide extensive summaries but then fail to offer their own clear response. The essay becomes a mere report rather than an argumentative piece.

How Templates Help: The entire framework is built on the “They Say / I Say” dynamic. Having a dedicated set of “I Say” templates (for agreeing, disagreeing, or doing both) ensures that you are always reminded to introduce your own perspective. If you’ve used a “They Say” template, the next logical step, guided by the framework, is to articulate your “I Say.”

Formulaic Writing

As discussed, a concern with templates is that they can lead to overly rigid, unoriginal writing. If templates are applied without thought or adaptation, the prose can sound mechanical.

How Templates Help: The templates serve as a guide, not a straitjacket. They provide the structure for rhetorical moves. The content—your specific summary, your unique argument, your precise wording—is entirely yours. Think of them as training wheels; once you’ve learned the move, you can perform it more fluidly and stylishly without explicitly adhering to the template’s exact wording. Revising for voice and variety after drafting is crucial here.

Lack of Connection Between “They Say” and “I Say”

Even if both a “They Say” and an “I Say” are present, they might not be clearly linked. The reader could be left wondering how your argument directly responds to or engages with the prior summary.

How Templates Help: Many templates inherently create this connection. Phrases like “While X argues that…, I contend that…” or “Building on X’s observation that…, I would add that…” explicitly draw a line between the two parts. They make the argumentative relationship clear and undeniable, guiding the reader through your line of reasoning.

Ignoring “So What?” or “Who Cares?”

Writers often assume the significance of their argument is self-evident. However, for a diverse audience, explaining the broader implications of your claims is vital for impact.

How Templates Help: The advanced templates specifically designed for explaining “So What?” (e.g., “This matters because…”, “Ultimately, what is at stake here is…”) compel writers to articulate the relevance of their arguments. These templates ensure that you consistently think about the wider context and impact of your ideas, elevating your writing from mere statements to meaningful contributions.

By being mindful of these common pitfalls and consciously utilizing the scaffolding provided by the They Say I Say Templates, writers can produce arguments that are not only well-structured and clear but also nuanced, persuasive, and deeply engaged with the ongoing conversations in their fields.

Conclusion

The journey of becoming a more effective writer is fundamentally about learning to engage meaningfully with the world of ideas. They Say I Say Templates offer an indispensable compass for this journey, guiding writers through the often-intimidating landscape of academic and professional discourse. By providing concrete linguistic structures, these templates demystify the art of argumentation, making it accessible and empowering for learners at all levels.

From accurately summarizing the arguments of others to boldly articulating one’s own nuanced perspective, these templates serve as a powerful toolkit. They ensure that every argument is contextualized, every response is explicit, and every contribution is clearly understood as part of a larger, ongoing conversation. We’ve explored how these templates foster critical thinking, prevent common writing pitfalls, and encourage a more active, responsive approach to intellectual engagement.

Ultimately, while the templates themselves are simple phrases, their impact is profound. They don’t just teach you what to write; they teach you how to think about writing as a dynamic process of listening and responding. By internalizing the principles behind They Say I Say Templates and adapting them to your unique voice, you unlock the ability to participate with clarity, confidence, and intellectual integrity in any conversation, making your voice not just heard, but effectively understood and valued.